Rechtspraak

  • Bijzonderheden van de zaak
    • Nationaal ID: Court of Appeal, Arnhem-Leeuwarden, Judgement 200.126.999
    • Lidstaat: Nederland
    • Gangbare benaming:N/A
    • Soort beslissing: Rechterlijke beslissing in beroep
    • Datum beslissing: 12/02/2019
    • Gerecht: Gerechtshof Den Haag
    • Onderwerp:
    • Eiser:
    • Verweerder:
    • Trefwoorden: misleading advertisement, causality
  • Richtlijnartikelen
    Misleading and Comparative Advertising Directive, Article 5, 1.
  • Koptekst

    ECLI:NL:GHARL:2019:1290

    In a leaflet issued by a producer of pipes for applications in water installations, it is indicated that the advertised pipes are suitable for all applications, including an indication of the capacity of the working temperature. According to the District Court, the commendation in the leaflet is misleading within the meaning of Art. 6:194(a) Civil Code, which in principle constitutes a wrongful act to be attributed to the producer and the seller. However, the District Court did not accept liability, because it considers it insufficiently plausible that the buyer (the operator of residential care centres) based its choice for these pipes on the commendation, nor has it been sufficiently stated that there is a causal link between the decision to increase the temperature in the tap water systems (taken to prevent infection with the legionella bacteria) and the commendation in the leaflet. The Court of Appeal held that the buyer must, in principle, state and prove that the damage is caused by the misleading communication and that the special rules of evidence that apply to misleading advertising, aimed at consumers, do not apply if the advertising is aimed at a legal person acting in the exercise of a profession or business. Secondly, it is up to the buyer to prove that there is a causal link (condicio sine qua non) between the commendation and its decision to apply the tubes.

  • Feiten

    From 1998-2002 Vivantes, a foundation that operates several residential care centres used pipes produced by Uponor (so-called Unipipe pipes) for applications in water installations. These pipes are suitable for use in both water supply systems and heating systems. The pipes were prescribed in the specifications by Vivantes' consultant PRC and were purchased from Uponor’s distributor Nathan. A leaflet on the Unipipe system from Unicor Rohrsysteme GmbH, dating from the relevant period 1998-2002, states the following: "(...) One tube for all applications. Unicor offers the professional installer the new multilayer pipe: one pipe for all applications, whether it is sanitary, radiator connections or underfloor heating. (…)

    Capacity

    Max. constant working temperature 95o C

    Max. short-time working temperature 110o C

    Max. constant working pressure 10 bar

    Burst pressure when tested over 80 bar (...)”.

    The completion of the construction work on the four relevant residential care centres took place between 2000 and 2002. Over the years, starting as soon as 2001, leaks occurred.

    The District Court ruled that the commendation in the leaflet was misleading within the meaning of Art. 6:194(a) Civil Code, which in principle constitutes a wrongful act to be attributed to Nathan and Uponor. However, the District Court did not accept liability, because it considers it insufficiently plausible that Vivantes based its choice for the Unipipe pipes on the commendation. In the opinion of the Court, Vivantes also did not sufficiently state that there is a causal link between the decision to increase the temperature in the tap water systems (taken to prevent infection with the legionella bacteria) and the commendation in the leaflet.

  • Juridische kwestie
    1. Does, in the case of a misleading advertisement within the meaning of Art. 6:194 Civil Code, the plaintiff bear the burden of proof that it concluded the contract on the basis of the misleading advertisement (i.e., the burden of proof regarding causality)?

    2. Is causality in a case like this presumed to exist?

  • Uitspraak

    1. Vivantes must, in principle, state and prove that the damage is caused by the misleading communication. The relevant provisions on misleading and comparative advertising were introduced in 1980. After implementation of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directives, the relevant provisions in the Civil Code were split into Section 6.3.3A on unfair commercial practices, which covers misleading advertising aimed at consumers, and Section 6.3.4 (which comprises Art. 6:194-196 Civil Code), the scope of which has been reduced since 2008 to advertising aimed at (legal) persons acting in the course of a business or profession. As a result of this division, the special rules of evidence that apply to misleading advertising, aimed at consumers, do not apply if the advertising is aimed at a legal person acting in the exercise of a profession or business, such as Vivantes in this case. The references to the legal history prior to this division are therefore not relevant, while the quotations from the legal history concerning the amendment of the law in 2008, as presented by Vivantes, apparently concern misleading advertising aimed at consumers.

    2. As regards the question of whether or not there is causality, the Court of Appeal finds as follows. This case concerns a specific two-line commendation in a product leaflet of 20 pages with a largely technical content, with said leaflet being mainly intended for professionals in the installation sector and in which the commendation concerns one aspect of the load-bearing capacity of plastic pipes. It is certain that Vivantes was looking for an alternative to the use of copper pipes as part of the new construction/renovation, in connection with previous problems with these pipes due to limescale deposits and pitting corrosion. The decision as to which pipes to use in the mains water system of the residential care centres was taken within the framework of a major renovation/new construction project by a construction team, which, it can be assumed, had to take many such decisions.

    These facts differ considerably from the facts and circumstances in the Supreme Court’s World Online case of 27 November 2009 (ECLI: NL:HR:2009: BH2162), which also dealt with (allegedly) misleading advertising. Important differences are that the product leaflet, in this case, focuses on a specific target group of technically skilled professionals rather than, as in the World Online case, on a wide audience of investors (including professional investors and consumers with no investment knowledge and experience), meaning the evidence problems for investors outlined in the World Online case do not arise, or arise differently and to a lesser extent for Vivantes.

    Therefore, the Court of Appeal sees no reason to take as a starting point, in this specific case, that there is a causal link (condicio sine qua non) between the commendation and the decision of Vivantes to apply the Unipipe tubes or to apply the doctrine of proportional liability.

    URL: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:GHARL:2019:1290

    Integrale tekst: Integrale tekst

  • Verwante zaken

    Geen resultaten

  • Rechtsleer

    Geen resultaten

  • Resultaat

    In a case of misleading commercial advertising, the alleged victim must state and prove that the damage is caused by the misleading communication; the special rules of evidence that apply to misleading advertising, aimed at consumers, do not apply if the advertising is aimed at a legal person acting in the exercise of a profession or business. The decision of the District Court is confirmed and the claim for damages is dismissed.