Orzecznictwo

  • Dane sprawy
    • Identyfikator krajowy: Appeal Court, Warsaw, Judgment I ACa 391/21
    • Państwo członkowskie: Polska
    • Nazwa zwyczajowa:N/A
    • Rodzaj decyzji: Orzeczenie sądu w postępowaniu odwoławczym
    • Data decyzji: 31/08/2021
    • Sąd: Sąd Apelacyjny w Warszawie
    • Temat:
    • Powód/powódka:
    • Pozwany/Pozwana:
    • Słowa kluczowe: unfair terms, main subject matter, credit agreement, nullity, cancellation of contract
  • Artykuły dyrektywy
    Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 3 Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 4
  • Uwaga główna

    The judgement focuses on the possibility to include a foreign currency indexation clause in a credit agreement and potentially recognise it as an unfair term. Moreover, the court spoke on the expiration of claims originating from unfair indexing clauses in a credit agreement.

  • Fakty

    On June 19, 2007, the parties concluded an agreement on a mortgage credit for natural persons indexed with the CHF rate in the amount of PLN 190,000, for a period of 168 months, i.e.,, from June 19, 2007 to June 15, 2021, to be repaid in equal terms, principal and interest instalments. In § 1 sec. 3A of the agreement, it is indicated that the amount of the credit expressed in the currency of the indexation at the end of 2007-06-14, according to the purchase rate of the currency from the bank's exchange rate table, is CHF 84,425.68. It was also indicated that this amount is informative and does not constitute the bank's liability, and that the value of the credit expressed in a foreign currency on the credit disbursement date may be different than that specified in this section. Pursuant to § 1 sec. 8 of the agreement, the annual interest rate on the credit as on the date of the credit decision was 3.57%. The interest rate for overdue receivables annually on the date of the decision was 7.27%. Pursuant to § 10 sec. 1 and 2 of the agreement, the borrower undertook to repay the principal with interest in principal and interest instalments specified in § 1 sec. 5 within the terms and amounts included in the repayment schedule, which was attached as Appendix 1 and an integral part of the contract. The principal and interest instalments were to be repaid in PLN after their conversion according to the selling rate from the bank's exchange rate table, applicable on the repayment date from 2:50 pm (§ 10 section 4 of the agreement).

  • Zagadnienie prawne

    May a foreign currency indexation clause be included as a term in credit agreement, and may it be recognised as an unfair term? What are the consequences of declaring an agreement null and void for a consumer and may a consumer decide whether to sustain the obligation?

  • Decyzja

    In a case concerning an indexed credit agreement, the effectiveness of the currency risk clause itself should be considered first, as it defines the main benefits of the parties. Recognizing that such a clause is ineffective against the consumer leads to the termination of the contract. In such a case, there is no need to analyse other contractual provisions, as their possible non-compliance with the provisions governing consumer protection may not lead to an effect further than that resulting from the ineffectiveness of the currency risk clause. In connection with the statute of limitations, the question arose as to when the plaintiffs could learn that, in the light of the correct interpretation of the provisions of Directive 93/13, the provision imposing unlimited currency risk on them is ineffective, which in turn leads to the ineffectiveness of the contract.

    In the opinion of the Court of Appeal, this was not the date of the conclusion of the disputed contract. At that time, the plaintiffs had confidence in the bank, and the defendant presented the indexed credit as a safe product for the consumer, and above all - completely legal. The first statement of the Court of Justice analysing the currency risk in credit agreements was included in the judgement of 20 September 2017 in case C-186/16, Andriciuc. It therefore seems that the date of delivery of that judgement may be considered the earliest moment when Polish consumers could learn about the full scope of protection that they are entitled to under Directive 93/13 in respect of foreign currency credits. In the opinion of the Court of Appeal, the court's information obligation towards the consumer - borrowers will be determined by the circumstances of a given case, because the information provided by the court is to help the consumer make a prudent decision as to whether or not to exercise his consumer rights in such a case when the imposition of the ineffectiveness of a contractual provision could impose especially unfavourable consequences for the consumer himself. Therefore, when assessing whether there is a need to provide additional information, the court will take into account the scope of the consumer's knowledge resulting from his behaviour in the current course of the proceedings (the content of pleadings and statements of the party or its representative), and at the same time it will assess whether the collapse of the contract may, in a given factual state, bring about especially unfavourable consequences for the consumer. The possibility for a bank to claim remuneration for the non-contractual use of capital is questionable in view of the need to take account of the deterrent objective of Directive 93/13. However, even if the Court of Justice confirmed in the future the possibility of awarding this type of remuneration or admitted some form of valorisation of the capital subject to return, it would still, in the circumstances of the case under examination, not have resulted in more serious consequences for the reasons than those they have already suffered as a result of the drastic increase in the exchange rate of the Swiss franc and they would still be exposed for the remainder of the credit agreement. As for the possibility of the bank's claims for remuneration for non-contractual use of capital or for the return of indexed capital, it should be noted that consumers could not be deprived of similar claims, since the bank also used their capital for many years without a valid legal basis, and it is now returning these amounts at face value. In this case, the defendant bank has for several years unjustifiably used the plaintiffs' funds in a much greater amount than the capital which it had provided to them.

    URL: https://orzeczenia.ms.gov.pl/content/$N/154500000000503_I_ACa_000391_2021_Uz_2021-08-31_001

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    The Appeal Court amended the first-degree judgement.