Case law

  • Case Details
    • National ID: 2 AZR 135/03
    • Member State: Germany
    • Common Name:link
    • Decision type: Other
    • Decision date: 27/11/2003
    • Court: Bundesarbeitsgericht (Supreme court)
    • Subject:
    • Plaintiff:
    • Defendant:
    • Keywords:
  • Directive Articles
    Doorstep Selling Directive, Article 1, 1.
  • Headnote
    1. An agreement made at the workplace on formally terminating a working relationship does not constitute a doorstep transaction as per § 312 para 1 no. 1 of the German Civil Code (BGB). As a result, the employee has no right of withdrawal under §§ 312, 355 BGB.
  • Facts
    Since 1995 the plaintiff had been working as a cleaner in various nursing homes run by the defendant (the German Red Cross, DRK). One of her tasks was to clean the outside of nurses’ lockers. On 30th March 2002, another employee of the defendant saw the plaintiff standing in front of a locker she had opened. The defendant subsequently accused the plaintiff of attempted theft and refused to work with her any more. During a one-to-one staff meeting at the workplace, the defendant’s branch head threatened the plaintiff with exceptional dismissal and stated that the working relationship could be terminated amicably within the time limits set.
    The claimant agreed to this. The defendant handed the plaintiff the letter of termination dated 3rd April 2002. With the letter the working relationship was formally terminated within the period laid down in the contract (31st May 2002). The plaintiff then signed a disclaimer waiving her right to bring an action on grounds of wrongful dismissal, which had been drafted and signed by the managing director. It had the following contents: “The employee states: on 3rd April 2002 I received due and proper notice that my employment would be terminated with effect from 31st May 2002. I will neither raise an objection against the termination of my employment, nor will I, under any circumstances and for any reasons, invoke my right to lodge a claim to continue my employment relationship. Furthermore, I will not file a suit to this end. The contents of the aforementioned statement have been noted, approved and signed by us.”
    The plaintiff subsequently took legal action against the dismissal – or rather termination of employment with a redundancy payment. She argued, inter alia, that as an employee she was a consumer and was thus withdrawing her statement in accordance with § 312 BGB. She argued that the circumstances under which she had signed the agreement constituted a typical doorstep-selling situation. When the agreement was concluded, she had not been informed of the legal consequences of signing the disclaimer nor about a possible right of withdrawal. Her claim was unsuccessful in all courts.
  • Legal issue
    The Federal Supreme Court (BGH) held that the working relationship between the two parties came to a legally valid end with the termination agreement from 3rd April to 31st May 2002. Of particular note was the fact that the plaintiff’s revocation of the 3rd April 2002 termination agreement was not valid under §§ 312 para 1, 355 BGB, because the legal requirements under which a right of withdrawal applies had not been met. In contrast to the lower instance court, the BGH left open the question as to whether the plaintiff, as an employee, was a consumer as per § 312 para 1 in conjunction with § 13 BGB. However, the court did make it clear that the termination agreement did not constitute a doorstep transaction. It was true that the agreement had been reached “at the workplace”, meaning that the wording of § 312 para 1 sentence 1 no. 1 BGB did, at first glance, appear to encompass termination agreements made on the employer’s premises. Furthermore, the term “workplace” can also be widely interpreted and it comprises all of the company’s business premises, including the personnel department.
    However, it would run counter to the workings of the law if § 312 BGB was applied to termination agreements covered by employment law. The right of withdrawal from doorstep selling agreements under §§ 312 ff BGB is part of consumer protection law applying to particular types of contract. It also covers only “special sales methods” (similar to distance selling and e-transactions, which are also regulated under the same subheading (2) of the BGB). Thus, this right of withdrawal does not apply to contracts that are not sales transactions, such as employment contracts and termination agreements. Subheading 2 is designed to transpose the Doorstep Selling Directive, 85/577/EEC. Art 1 of the Directive only includes payments made by a consumer to a supplier in the context of a doorstep transaction in return for goods or services (ECJ, Slg. 1998, I-1199 = Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 1998, 1295 = Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht (EZW) 1998, 252). There are no indications in the law that, in transposing the Directive, German legislators aimed to extend its scope to allow for a right of withdrawal in cases of employment termination agreements. Moreover, when signing a termination agreement in the workplace, the employee is not normally in a situation in which he would require the protection provided for in § 312 BGB. Equally, the contract negotiations and agreement – from the point of view of the employee and with regard to the actual legal transaction – do not take place in a location unusual for employment termination agreements. The “workplace” is typically the place where matters concerning one’s employment relationship are discussed and dealt with. Accordingly, there is no typical element of surprise that might catch the consumer unawares. The employee has to (and normally does) expect, especially in the personnel department, that the employer (or a superior) might discuss issues or problems surrounding their working relationship and, if need be, deal with them in accordance with legal procedures. Under § 312 para 1 sentence 1 no. 1 BGB, the crucial factor in determining whether a consumer might be caught unawares is the physical location in which the contract is initiated. Only for this particular case does the law deem a general level of consumer protection to be necessary. Hence, a right of withdrawal in the case of termination agreements as per § 312 para 1 sentence 1 no.1 BGB cannot be invoked with the argument that the employee cannot easily avoid contract negotiations at the workplace. If the contract is initiated or concluded on “regular” business premises (ie a location in which such a contract would ordinarily be agreed), § 312 BGB does not in any way protect the consumer, even if the other contractual party has far greater knowledge about the area or is a more effective negotiator. Even the argument that a consumer is to some extent better protected when concluding what are, from a financial perspective, far less significant contracts than an employee who is concluding a termination agreement, which ordinarily impacts on his entire financial existence, cannot justify a right of withdrawal that does not exist in law. The only way of offsetting the danger that an employee might be caught unawares by the employer (eg where contract negotiations take place at unusual times or on unusual company premises) is by invoking the duty to provide information or the requirement to negotiate fairly.
  • Decision

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