Case law

  • Case Details
    • National ID: IV ZR 162/03
    • Member State: Germany
    • Common Name:link
    • Decision type: Other
    • Decision date: 12/10/2005
    • Court: BGH (Supreme court)
    • Subject:
    • Plaintiff:
    • Defendant:
    • Keywords:
  • Directive Articles
    Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 5 Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 6, 1.
  • Headnote
    1. There is no objection in constitutional law to granting life assurance companies the option, as provided for in § 172 para 2 of the Act on Insurance Contracts (VVG), of replacing invalid, non-transparent terms (§ 307 para 1 sentence 2 of the German Civil Code (BGB), the equivalent of art 5 sentence 1 of the Directive on Unfair Contract Terms) with new contract terms with the consent of an independent trustee.
    2. Under § 307 para 1 BGB (art 6 para 1 of the Directive on Unfair Contract Terms), a term that has been deemed invalid on the grounds that it is not transparent may not be replaced with an equivalent term.
    3. Directive 93/13 does not stipulate in any way how non-binding terms are to be replaced. As such, it is the preserve of national law, via an interpretation for the contract addendum in a court of law, to determine how a contractual loophole should properly be closed if remov-ing (and not replacing) the invalid clause does not provide an adequate solution.
  • Facts
    The plaintiff, backed by the Alliance of Insured Persons (Bund der Versicherten), demanded that the defendant, a life assurance company, provide information on the surrender value of a cash-value life assurance policy without factoring in the acquisition costs or deduction for early cancellation (as well as payment of the resulting amount). The contract – agreed on 1 May 1997 for a 30-year period and then revoked by the plaintiff on 1 March 2002 – was based on standard terms and conditions for insurance contracts (AVB). Under § 6 of these terms, there were provisions on how to calculate the non-contributory insurance sum and the surrender value and on the deduction for early cancellation should the policyholder opt to convert the policy to a non-contributory insurance plan or to cancel it. § 15 AVB contained provisions on levying and offsetting any acquisition costs. In previous judgements, the court had ruled that these terms were invalid on the grounds that they contravened the transparency requirement laid down in § 9 of the Act on Standard Terms and Conditions (AGBG). This was because it had not been made clear to the insurance policyholder that there was considerable financial detriment associated with opting for a non-contributory plan or cancelling the policy, especially in the early years of the policy. As a result, the defendant then replaced the terms that had been adjudged invalid with equivalent, though in its view transparent, terms via a trustee procedure under § 172 para 2 VVG. The law states that, where a term used in the terms and conditions of a life assurance contract is adjudged invalid on the grounds that it contravenes that law governing standard terms and conditions (§§ 305 ff. BGB), the insurance company is entitled, under § 172 para 2 VVG, to replace the invalid term with a new contract term, provided that the contract requires this addendum to be workable and that an “independent trustee” has given prior consent to the change.
    The plaintiff regarded the replacement clause as invalid. He argued that it was in no way permissible to replace a term deemed invalid on the grounds that it was not transparent with an equivalent term.
  • Legal issue
    In the BGH’s view, the addendum to the contract made by the defendant with the trustee’s consent and the use of equivalent terms was invalid.
    In its ruling, the BGH stated initially that § 172 para 2 VVG applies to all forms of life assurance and not merely to term insurance. Moreover, such an interpretation did not run counter to constitutional law. It was justifiable to restrict the insurance policyholder’s ability to act autonomously since, given the vast number of contracts affected, it would be practically unfeasible to make an addendum to the contract with the consent of all policyholders and adequate protection would be afforded through the fact that the contents of the contracts were being scrutinised in a court of law.
    However, § 172 para 2 VVG stipulated that a prerequisite for conducting a trustee procedure in accordance with the law was that an addendum was necessary for the contract to remain workable. This applied to the terms in question since they dealt with the defendant’s liability towards policyholders.
    § 172 VVG does not specify how the addendum should be made to the contract (ie how it should be measured and what it should contain). Rather, this can be ascertained by consulting the general provision § 306 para 2 BGB. This regulation states that, in the first instance, any relevant legal provisions should be taken into account in determining how to replace the invalid terms. However, if no such provisions exist, the question to be asked is whether removing (and not replacing) the invalid clause provides an adequate solution. If neither option is available, it is necessary to ascertain whether the replacement terms would be regarded as permissible through an interpretation for the contract addendum in a court of law (in accordance with the recognised principles of an interpretation for the contract addendum).
    Replacing the invalid terms with equivalent terms was tantamount to avoiding the legal penalty for invalid contract terms as per § 307 para 1 BGB (art 6 para 1 of the Directive on Unfair Contract Terms). As such, this was not compatible with the principles of an interpretation for the contract addendum. It was not permissible to replace a term deemed invalid (because it unfairly disadvantaged the other contractual party) with an equivalent term via an interpretation for the contract addendum. National law, in accordance with Directive 93/13/EEC’s principles of effective consumer protection, ensures that any unfair terms are not binding on the consumer.
    This equally applies where the term is invalid because it has contravened the transparency requirement. The insurance policyholder suffers unfair detriment when the standard terms and conditions of an insurance contract do not spell out, clearly and transparently, the contractual party’s (ie the policyholder’s) rights and obligations. This applies in particular to failing to make adequately clear any potential financial detriment. Because of the lack of transparency, the policyholder is prevented from exercising his freedom to make a fully informed decision – on the basis of the contract’s contents and, especially, the potential financial detriment involved – when he enters into the contract. He is also prevented from selecting a product on the basis of the real detriment resulting from cancelling the insurance contract prematurely. These consequences of a lack of transparency cannot be remedied retrospectively by replacing an invalid, non-transparent term with an equivalent, transparent term.
    In the BGH’s view, it is not unacceptable to factor in acquisition costs for a policyholder who completes his contract on a contributory basis. However, since the terms are interconnected, the addendum to the contract is invalid in its totality. Yet, the fact that the addendum as per § 172 para 2 VVG was adjudged invalid did not mean that the claim should be rejected in order to give the defendant another opportunity to follow a similar procedure. Since Directive 93/13 does not stipulate in any way how non-binding terms are to be replaced, it was the preserve of national law, via an interpretation for the contract addendum in a court of law, to determine whether and how the one-off acquisition costs should be factored into contributions.
    In the case of invalid terms in STCs, the interpretation for the contract addendum, as well as the interpretation and scrutiny of the terms, should be conducted on the basis of an objective and general yardstick. This in turn should be based on the wishes and interests of those that would ordinarily be involved and not merely those parties actually involved (see BGH NJW Case Law Report (RR) 2005, 1040 under II 3; BGHZ 107, 273, 276 f.). As such, the addendum to the contract has to be an appropriate overall solution to recurring disputes over this kind of contract. Unlike contracts concluded between private individuals (see BGH WM 2002, 2337 under II 3), the addendum is not ruled invalid because there are several available options for closing the regulatory loophole, as evidenced in the BGH’s ruling on the term governing daily prices (BGHZ 90, 69, 78 ff.). Rather, particularly in the case of standard contracts, the addendum must be made with a greater degree of abstraction and thus without considering the evidence for any one given solution.
    The crucial point for establishing and assessing the supposed wishes of the contract party as well as the balance of interests is when the contract is agreed, since the interpretation for the contract addendum closes a regulatory loophole retrospectively.
    There are no objections in EU law to the interpretation for the contract addendum. The Directive 93/13/EEC does not stipulate how a non-binding clause is to be replaced. Rather, this is the preserve of national law.
    On this basis, the regulatory loophole should be closed in such a way as to retain the principle of factoring any one-off acquisition costs paid into the contributions.
  • Decision

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