Jurisprudenţă

  • Detalii privind cazul
    • ID național: 788/103/2010
    • Statul membru: România
    • Denumire comună:N/A
    • Tipul de decizie: Altele
    • Data deciziei: 13/01/2011
    • Instanţa: Curtea de Appel
    • Obiect:
    • Reclamantul:
    • Pârâtul:
    • Cuvinte-cheie: Jurisprudenţă România română
  • Articole din directivă
    Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 2
  • Notă preliminară
    By applying article 77-81 of Law no. 296/2004 republished and article 1 from Annex 1 of Law no.193/2000 republished, it rules out that the clauses establishing the rate interest are not highlighted; the borrower could not know that the rate would include other elements not clearly specified in the contract. Therefore, the Appeal Court finds that article 5 and 6 of the credit agreement are void in part, and that the bank breached the provisions in article 9^3 points b) and e) of G.O. no. 21/1992.
  • Fapte
    The claimant physical person argued that the credit contract signed with the defendant contained abusive clauses, according to Law no. 193/2000 and requested the court to render the clauses void.
    By the commercial decision no. 550/COM from June 8, 2010 the Neamt Tribunal dismissed claimant’s request on the grounds that he endorsed the conditions established by the defendant for granting the credit, hence, these clauses can not be regarded as unfair within the meaning of Law no. 193/2000 and G.O. no. 21/2002, giving prevalence of principle of mandatory force of contracts enshrined in article 969 Civil Code.
    The claimant appealed the abovementioned decision to Bacau Appeal Court, requesting for admission of appeal, changing the commercial decision pronounced by the Neamt Tribunal, in particular, to be rendered that several contractual provisions of the loan agreement concluded between the claimant and the defendant, and some of the additional act dispositions represent unfair clauses. Additionally, the claimant asks the Court to oblige the defendant to modify the framework contract and additional act for the purposes of removal clauses found to be abusive.
    The Neamt Tribunal considers claimant’s criticism regarding the bank infringement of certain legal provisions, meaning that bank acted as if it was in a monopoly position, as undergrounded, since there were many banks that offer a wide range of products.
    Furthermore, the Neamt Tribunal considered that there are no grounds for complaints regarding the violation of laws governing consumer protection, for the following reasons:
    - Law no. 193/2000 transposes into Romanian legislation the provisions of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts.
    - The claimant has chosen a personal credit loan refundable in 300 months, with fixed rate in the first year and variable for the remaining term, the choice of this type of loan being made fully aware of.
    - After the first year the current rate consists of variable reference rate that is displayed in B.C.R. offices to which it is added 1.5 percentage points, such type of rate being specified in the offer of this type of loan.
    - The claimant does not contest rate changes during the performing of the contract, but the application of variable rate at the expiry of the 12 months period, especially given that the claimant chose for the first year the convenient rate, which is not correct.
    - In this case, it is not about changing contract terms, but their application as determined at the time of signing the contract.
    - Also, there is not incidental the article 1 letter a) first paragraph from Annex of the Law no. 193/2000, text which allows unilateral rate modification if there is a clause in this sense, a well founded motivation and consumer has the freedom to immediately terminate the contract.
    The provisions of O.G. nr.21/1992, invoked by the appellant, entered into force on 27.12.2008, after the contract was concluded.

    The rate practiced by B.C.R. is always related to the objective conditions imposed by the market and it is kept at absolutely reasonable limits compared to other financial institutions providing banking services to market.

    From the above it follows that in the present case the conditions stipulated in article 1 paragraph 3 and article 4 paragraph 4 of Law no. 193/2000, because there is no contractual provision which was not before directly negotiated with the consumer, there is no lack of balance between parties rights and obligations, and the trader has acted in good faith, his conduct was proven correct.
    It has been shown that in accordance with article 37 of EGO no. 50/2010 on credit agreements for consumers for in progress credit contracts it was given creditors a term of 90 days after the entry into force of the Ordinance to ensure the compliance with the provisions of the Ordinance.
    The claimant was invited to a B.C.R. office in order to be provided with the Additional Act to the loan agreement, but he did not sign the document.
    The Neamt Tribunal considers what the claimant seeks to obtain on the path of justice is to have retroactive cancellation of rate, of all interests. The reduction of rate, by applying EURIBOR plus a fixed margin of 1.5 percent can not be determined by the court, as long as the claimant, who had this possibility at the time of contracting the credit, did not opt for this type of credit.
    The Bacau Court of Appeal appreciates that the appeal is grounded, within and for the reasons that follow.
    By applying the provisions 78, 79, 80, 81 of Law no. 296/2004, republished, and article 1 from Annex 1 of Law no. 193/2000, the Bacau Court of Appeal rules out that these provisions do not come into contradiction with those clauses under which a supplier of financial services reserves the right to change the interest rate payable by the consumer or due to the latter or the amount of other charges for financial services, without a prior notice, if there is a well founded motivation, while the trader is obliged to inform as soon as possible about this the other contracting parties and the latter have the freedom to immediately terminate the contract.
    The Court holds that the claimant did not become aware at the time of signing the contract the elements forming the reference variable rate, or that at least lack the conjunction "and" from the article 4.2 of the general conditions can not reasonably lead to the conclusion that the borrower knew or should have known about the due rate, the terms contained in article 5 of the credit agreement and of article 4.2 of general credit conditions are at least blurred, if not ambiguous, in reference to the rate structure.
    Borrower did not know and could not reasonably know that the only current interest is variable according to EURIBOR, LIBOR or BUBOR, but he could not know and that the rate would include other elements not specified clearly in the contract.
    In this situation are applicable rules of interpretation actus non potest operari ultra intentionem agentos, whereby the borrower can only be obliged to which can be reasonably assumed at the time the contract is concluded.
    Moreover, the Appeal Court holds that there is no legal provision to give preferential treatment to the right bank to the detriment of its customers on the grounds that banks (and banking system) are preferable to survive an economic crisis, while accepting that their customers can or can not stand economic penalties and interest may or may not survive this financial crisis, thus, customers are transformed into guarantors of management banking system, even if they not committed to it and there is not any law binding to it.
    Under these considerations, the Appeal Court shall interpret the contract terms in favor of the debtor-claimant and shall modify the appealed decision, in that it shall oblige the defendant to restitute all the current interest rate charged over the actual rate the claimant obliged himself, meaning the rate compound of EURIBOR interest plus 1.5 percent.
    It can not be accepted the defendant’s statement, retained also by the court of first instance, according to which terms were negotiated in fully aware of the borrower because the claimant had to choose between several banking offers as long as bank’s good faith required drafting clear contract terms.
    Bacau Appeal Court considers that it can not be hold the request for a preliminary question, since the directive as a communitarian legislation document can not by definition create rights between nationals of EU member state, but only between the state and its citizens, under certain conditions established by Court of Justice of the European Union.

    The dispute does not relate to the right to be stated interest in a loan, but on whether they are perceived as agreed between the parties or if they perceive abuse, court intervention in this regard can not be prohibited by any directive because it would mean that a directive may encourage the maintenance of abusive practices by excluding control courts, which is difficult to conceive.
    Therefore, the Appeal Court finds that article 5 and 6 of the credit agreement are void in part and admits the appeal in these limits, but rejects the request regarding the total cancellation of clauses which stipulate interest or require the bank to sign a new contract or draft a new clause.
    Finally, the claimant’s allegations in the sense that lack of response to the notification can not valid result in concluding the Additional Act reasoning that it can not be considered a tacit acceptance of such an attitude, since the law, EGO no. 50/2010, allowed by article 95 such a conclusion.
    The Bacau Appeal Court admits the appeal and modifies in part the appealed decision. Admits, the plaintiff, in part, in that it shall oblige the defendant to restitute all the current interest rate charged over the actual rate the claimant obliged himself, meaning the rate compound of EURIBOR interest plus 1.5 percent. In the same sense, the Court orders the defendant to pay the difference in interest charged over the level set by the Court of Appeal from its modification date shown above the ceiling.
  • Chestiune juridică
  • Hotărârea

    The first court argued as follows:
    • the contested clauses can not be regarded as unfair within the meaning of Law no. 193/2000 and G.O. no. 21/2002;
    • there are no grounds for complaints regarding the violation of laws governing consumer protection the contract the claimant signed with the defendant is a preformed adhesion contract;
    • there is no contractual provision which was not before directly negotiated with the consumer;
    • there is no lack of balance between parties rights and obligations;
    • the reduction of rate, by applying EURIBOR plus a fixed margin of 1.5 percent can not be determined by the court, as long as the claimant, who had this possibility at the time of contracting the credit, did not opt for this type of credit.

    The appeal court ruled as follows:
    • the contested clause is abusive because it is not clearly drafted and it allows the bank to unilaterally modify the interest rate;
    • that lack of response to the notification can not valid result in concluding the Additional Act reasoning that it can not be considered a tacit acceptance of such an attitude;
    • it oblige the defendant to restitute all the current interest rate charged over the actual rate the claimant obliged himself, meaning the rate compound of EURIBOR interest plus 1.5 percent;
    • the defendant shall pay the difference in interest charged over the level set by the Court of Appeal from its modification date shown above the ceiling.

    Text integral: Text integral

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