Νομολογία

  • Στοιχεία της υπόθεσης
    • Εθνικός αναγνωριστικός αριθμός: Recourse 2016/06
    • Κράτος μέλος: Κύπρος
    • Κοινή ονομασία:N/A
    • Είδος απόφασης: Πρωτοβάθμια διοικητική απόφαση
    • Ημερομηνία απόφασης: 24/06/2016
    • Δικαστήριο: Υπηρεσία Ανταγωνισμού και Προστασίας Καταναλωτών
    • Θέμα:
    • Ενάγων: Competition and Consumer Protection Service
    • Εναγόμενος: I.C.E. Developers Ltd
    • Λέξεις-κλειδιά: consumer, immovable property, prior information, transparency, unfair terms
  • Άρθρα της οδηγίας
    Unfair Contract Terms Directive, link Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 3, 2. Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Article 5
  • Περίληψη
    (1) A person can act as "consumer" in one contract and as "supplier" in another contract.
    (2) The requirement of "clarity" provided under article 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 7 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996) is essential due to the disadvantageous position of the consumer against the professional n the level of information available.
    (3) In order for a court to asses whether a term constitutes "unfair term" in accordance with article 3 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 5 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996), should take, inter alia, into account (i) whether a term causes a "significant imbalance" in the parties’ rights and obligations to the detriment of the consumer, (ii) whether the contract places the consumer in a legal situation less favorable than that provided for by the national law in force, (iii) whether a sufficiently serious impairment of the legal situation in which the consumer is placed by reason of the relevant national provisions i.e. in the form of a restriction of the rights which he enjoys under the contract in accordance with those provisions, or a constraint on the exercise of those rights, or the imposition on him of an additional obligation not envisaged by the national rules, (iv) whether the seller or supplier, dealing fairly and equitably with the consumer, could reasonably assume that the consumer would have agreed to such a term following individual negotiation.
    (4) Terms in a sales contracts, providing that the payment of "stamp duty, transfer fees and any other costs and expenses", without determining in any way to what all these taxes, costs and expenses amount, or even in what way they are to be assessed, will be exclusively borne by the consumer, are unfair in the meaning of article 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 7 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996).
  • Πραγματικά περιστατικά
    The consumers complained to the Consumer Protection Service that, having signed an agreement for purchase of immovable property with the defendant in relation to a villa under construction in Paphos, Cyprus (the "Contract"), they had not received ownership titles. The defendant was going through administration when it was asked to submit all relevant documents necessary for the investigation. The defendant's administrator replied that all the necessary actions to divide the land and issue separate titles of ownership had been initiated, however, there were structures without building permit that obstruct the issuance of a Certificate of Final Approval for the construction. No further information was available due to no cooperation by the defendant's directors. The Competition and Consumer Protection Service (the "Service") then asked the defendant to reply in relation to certain terms in the Contract which appeared prima facie to be unfair, but the Service received no reply. Therefore, the Service's Director issued this decision.
  • Νομικό ζήτημα
    (1) Can a person act as "consumer" in one contract and as "supplier" in another contract?
    (2) Is the requirement of "clarity" provided under article 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 7 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996) essential and why?
    (3) What should a court take into account to assess whether a term constitutes "unfair term" in accordance with article 3 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 5 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996)?
    (4) Are terms in a sales contracts, providing that the payment of "stamp duty, transfer fees and any other costs and expenses", without determining in any way to what all these taxes, costs and expenses amount, or even in what way they are to be assessed, will be exclusively borne by the consumer, unfair in the meaning of article 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 7 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996)?
  • Απόφαση

    (1) According to the definition of "consumer" in article 2(b) of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into the national law by article 2(1) of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996), it follows that a vital element for the status of the complainant as consumer is the conclusion of a contract for purposes not related to the exercise of his profession or business. The level of knowledge of this person, as well as the investment purposes of such contract are irrelevant, provided that such purposes are not part of the professional activities of the consumer. The definition of consumer is objective, that means it depends exclusively on the purpose of the contract. It is thus possible for a person to act as "consumer" in one contract and as "supplier" in the other. From the negative wording of the definition of "consumer" it follows that a transaction entered into by a natural person is presumed to not fall within his professional activities, unless there is evidence to the contrary. In the present case the complainants were pensioners and the investment purpose of the transaction was immaterial to their status as consumers.

    (2) Clarity does not refer to the understandable nature of contractual terms by virtue of grammatical correctness and structure. The requirement for clarity is in place due to the disadvantageous position of the consumer against the professional. It is essential that the consumers are informed of the contractual terms before the conclusion of a contract. It is based on this information that a consumer will decide whether he wishes to bind himself by the pre-formulated contractual terms. In general, unclear terms that hide the real, legal and economic situation of the parties create the risk that the consumer either abstains from exercising his legal rights or succumbs to apparent rights or claims of the supplier. Therefore, non clarity in terms leads to disruption of the conventional balance to the detriment of the consumer in violation of the principle of good faith.

    (3) The system of protection from unfairness is also in place due to the disadvantageous position of the consumer against the professional, both in the ability to negotiate and in the level of information available. In order to ascertain whether a term causes a "significant imbalance" in the parties’ rights and obligations under a contract to the detriment of the consumer, particular account must be taken of which rules of national law would apply in the absence of an agreement by the parties in that regard. Such a comparative analysis enables the national tribunal to evaluate whether and, as the case may be, to what extent, the contract places the consumer in a legal situation less favorable than that provided for by the national law in force. It thus follows that the question whether that significant imbalance exists cannot be limited to a quantitative economic evaluation based on a comparison between the total value of the transaction which is the subject of the contract and the costs charged to the consumer under that clause. On the contrary, a significant imbalance can result solely from a sufficiently serious impairment of the legal situation in which the consumer, as a party to the contract in question, is placed by reason of the relevant national provisions, whether this be in the form of a restriction of the rights which he enjoys under the contract in accordance with those provisions, or a constraint on the exercise of those rights, or the imposition on him of an additional obligation not envisaged by the national rules. With regard to the circumstances in which such an imbalance was created contrary to the requirement of "good faith", having regard to the sixteenth recital in the preamble to the Directive 93/13/EEC, the national court must assess whether the seller or supplier, dealing fairly and equitably with the consumer, could reasonably assume that the consumer would have agreed to such a term following individual negotiation. If the content of the Annex I to the Directive 93/13/EEC does not suffice in itself to establish automatically the unfair nature of a contested term, it is nevertheless an essential element on which the competent court may base its assessment as to the unfair nature of that term.

    (4) The consumers, in accordance with terms 10 and 16 of the contract they have signed, were burdened with the payment of "the stamp duty, the transfer fees, any other expenses related directly or indirectly to the transfer and registration of the property into their name and all costs and expenses" in relation to the conclusion of the contract. However the terms imposing such financial burden on the consumer failed to determine in any way to what all these taxes, costs and expenses amount, or even in what way they are to be assessed, so that the consumers knew exactly the obligations they were undertaking under the contract.

    URL: http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/cyco/cyconsumer.nsf/All/9FB389682E0647F1C2257FEE00195579/$file/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%2006-2016-%20ICE%20Developers%20Ltd.pdf?OpenElement

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  • Αποτέλεσμα
    Terms 10 and 16 of the contract concluded between the consumers and the seller were found to be unclear and unfair violating article 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC (implemented into national law by article 7 of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Law 93(I)/1996).