Case law

  • Case Details
    • National ID: 3-2-1-75-16
    • Member State: Estonia
    • Common Name:link
    • Decision type: Supreme court decision
    • Decision date: 24/10/2016
    • Court: Supreme Court
    • Subject:
    • Plaintiff: Ave Kogerma, Margus Järve, Keili Hiiob
    • Defendant: Novatours OÜ
    • Keywords: cancellation of contract, circumstances beyond the vendor's control, package travel, right of redress
  • Directive Articles
    Package Travel Directive, Article 4, 6., (b), (i) Package Travel Directive, Article 5, 2.
  • Headnote
    A suddenly increased terrorist threat constitutes force majeure within the meaning of article 4(6)(b) (ii) of Directive 90/314/EEC.

  • Facts
    Plaintiffs and the defendant entered into a package holiday contract. Under the contract the defendant took the obligation to organise a package holiday in Egypt for the plaintiffs and their family members. The plaintiffs´ holiday was to start on 30 March 2014 and end on 6 April 2014 for plaintiff II and 8 April 2014 for plaintiffs I and III. The plaintiffs started their holiday and flew to Egypt. In the evening of 31 March 2014 Foreign Ministry of Estonia raised the threat level in Egypt to level four which is a "red" level.

    In the afternoon of April 1, 2014 the defendant notified the plaintiffs of cancellation of contract via SMS due to unsafe conditions in Egypt. Plaintiffs were guaranteed a safe travel back in the evening of 1 April 2014. The defendant refunded the paid costs of the plaintiffs in part, i.e. for the costs of accommodation not used. Defendant cancelled the contract (in accordance with § 879 (1) of the LOA ,article 4(6)(b) (ii) of Directive 90/314/EEC) due to unforeseeable circumstances, i.e force majeure.

    Plaintiffs I, II and III filed a joint claim against the defendant requesting damages for the non-refunded amount of costs paid to the defendant. The defendant filed a counter claim to offset its claim arising from costs incurred by the defendant. The plaintiffs argued that the cancellation was not valid and the situation did not constitute force majeure.
  • Legal issue
    The courts of first and second instance ruled that the cancellation was valid and satisfied the plaintiff´s claims in part. The Supreme Court agreed with the courts of first and second instance ruled that the cancellation was valid. Plaintiffs´ claims were satisfied in part. The court held that the terrorist threat that increased suddenly in the resorts can be considered force majeure within the meaning of article 4(6) (b) (ii) of Directive 90/314/EEC (§ 879 (1) of LOA) . The sudden increase of threat was not forseeable to the defendant. Also, there was a threat that provision of travel services can become dangerous and thereby also complicated. Hence, the pre-conditions set in the national law for force majeure within the meaning of article 4(6) (ii) of Directive 90/314/EEC. In such an event the contract can be cancelled in accordance with the given article of the directive. The court did not agree with the plaintiffs who argued that since the threat did not materialise the cancellation was not valid. The court held that the defendant had sufficient reason to believe that there was a threat imposed on the consumers.
  • Decision

    Does a terrorist threat constitute force majeure within the meaning of article 4(6)(b) (ii) of Directive 90/314/EEC?

    URL: N/A

    Full text: Full text

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  • Result
    The Supreme Court did not satisfy the appeals in cassation. The Supreme Court did not change the resolution of the court of second instance but amended the reasoning of the court of second instance. The plaintiffs´ claim was satisfied in part.