Case law

  • Case Details
    • National ID: 10 Ob 23/04m
    • Member State: Austria
    • Common Name:link
    • Decision type: Other
    • Decision date: 22/03/2005
    • Court: Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme court)
    • Subject:
    • Plaintiff:
    • Defendant:
    • Keywords:
  • Directive Articles
    Unfair Contract Terms Directive, ANNEX I, 1.
  • Headnote
    1. Where a bank uses, in its consumer credit agreements, an interest rate adjustment clause that is not consistent with § 6 para 1 line 5 KSchG (because it is not defined), this constitutes unlawful conduct and could provide grounds for the bank to pay compensation should the customer suffer damages as a result of the clause. This is because the inclusion of such a clause is in breach of a pre-contractual duty to take into account, in drawing up standard terms and conditions, any legitimate interests the future contractual partner may have and to avoid the use of any clauses that are immoral, grossly unfair or “socially injurious”.
    2. In terms of adjudging which party is at fault, the objective yardstick laid down in § 1299 ABGB applies. The lender carries the burden of proof for demonstrating that he is not at fault. Agreeing an illegal contract term is generally regarded as unlawful and culpable conduct, since, in the case of a large company (supplier) receiving proper legal counsel – which a bank can ordinarily be considered to represent – it is reasonable to expect, as a rule, that the company would take advice on the legality of contract terms before agreeing them. Only where the legal requirements are unclear could it legitimately be argued that the supplier might reasonably have been unsure, even having paid due care to the relevant legislation, case law and academic literature, whether a clause was valid when the STCs were drawn up and that using the clause in the STCs had therefore been neither unlawful nor culpable.
    3. Continuing to use and invoke such a clause from the point at which it must have been known to be invalid is, however, unlawful.
    4. In terms of assessing when the time period for lodging compensation claims with regard to the application of incorrect interest rates begins, it is necessary to proceed on the basis of the general principles laid down in § 1489 ABGB. Under §§ 1478 and 1480 ABGB, the time period is essentially linked to an individual’s objective ability to exercise his legal rights from the point at which the incorrect payment is made and is thus independent of the individual’s knowledge that he is entitled make a claim. However, under § 1489 ABGB on time limits, the law takes the beginning of the period for lodging compensation claims as the point at which the individual becomes aware of the damages he has suffered and the entity responsible for these damages.
  • Facts
    A couple took out a loan with a bank. The loan agreement contained an interest rate adjustment clause that was in breach of § 6 para 1 line 5 KSchG (the reasons for the breach were covered in detail by the OGH). As a result of this clause, the couple paid excessive interest rates to the bank for several years. They brought a claim against the bank for repayment of the interest they had overpaid. The repayment claim was based on a number of legal arguments, but fundamentally on the law on unjust enrichment and the right to compensation.
    The Court of First Instance essentially upheld the claim. However, on appeal by the bank, the Court of Appeal overturned the verdict and rejected the claim in its entirety. It cited, inter alia, the OGH’s ruling on case 4 Ob 73/03v, in which it held that the time limit for repayment claims for overpaid interest made on the basis of the law on unfair enrichment was not the usual 30 years, but rather three years as per the provisions governing rental agreements and the leasing of allotments. As the loan had been repaid in full on 10th February 1998, but the case was not brought before the Court of First Instance until 30th April 2001, the plaintiff had lodged the claim after the time limit had passed. The time limit for any potential compensation claim would equally have passed since, under ruling 4 Ob 73/03v, the criteria for setting a time limit in the case of a claim based on unfair enrichment also applied to a compensation claim. There was also no evidence that the bank was at fault, which would provide grounds for a compensation claim.
  • Legal issue
    The detailed reasons for the verdict given by the OGH clarified the following points:
    The presiding 10th Senate of the OGH stated that the 4th Senate’s ruling, which had underpinned the Court of Appeal’s verdict, had not dealt with the question of whether the plaintiff in that case was also entitled to make a compensation claim under compensation law and at which point the time period for such compensation claims began. The OGH had equally not taken a stance on the issue in any subsequent hearings. As such, it was not possible to deduce from any precedents in the Supreme Court at which point the time period for the compensation claim in the case under examination would begin. With regard to the time limits for any potential compensation claim against the bank, the OGH reiterated that, in the case of a compensation claim, the shorter 3-year period as per § 1489 ABGB does not begin to run until the individual entitled to compensation is aware of the damage he has suffered, of the entity owing compensation and of the fact that he may lodge a successful claim. The same principle applies in determining when the time period for compensation claims with regard to the application of incorrect interest rates begins. According to the findings of the Court of First Instance – which had not been challenged – the borrowers had only learned from newspaper reports in early 2000 that a number of banks had over-calculated interest rates for loans. As such, and in contrast to the Court of Appeal’s view, the time limit for the compensation claim against the bank had therefore not passed.
    On the question of whether the compensation claim was justified by the facts of the case, the OGH argued essentially that, where a bank uses, in its consumer credit agreements, an interest rate adjustment clause that is not consistent with § 6 para 1 line 5 KSchG (because it is not defined), this constitutes unlawful conduct and could provide grounds for the bank to pay compensation should the customer suffer damages as a result of the clause. This is because the inclusion of such a clause is in breach of a pre-contractual duty to take into account, in drawing up standard terms and conditions, any legitimate interests the future contractual partner may have and to avoid the use of any clauses that are immoral, grossly unfair or “socially injurious”. In terms of adjudging which party is at fault, the objective yardstick laid down in § 1299 ABGB applies. The lender carries the burden of proof for demonstrating that he is not at fault. Agreeing an illegal contract term is generally regarded as unlawful and culpable conduct, since, in the case of a large company (supplier) receiving proper legal counsel – which a bank can ordinarily be considered to represent – it is reasonable to expect, as a rule, that the company would take advice on the legality of contract terms before agreeing them. Only where the legal requirements are unclear could it legitimately be argued that the supplier might reasonably have been unsure, even having paid due care to the relevant legislation, case law and academic literature, whether a clause was valid when the STCs were drawn up and that using the clause in the STCs had therefore been neither unlawful nor culpable. Continuing to use such a clause (eg by continuing to issue balance statements that are incorrect as a result of applying the invalid interest rate adjustment clause) and to invoke it from the point at which it must have been known to be invalid is, however, unlawful.
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