1 Under what circumstances may a parent lawfully remove the child to another state without the other parent’s consent?
Where this only concerns a short-term stay for the purpose of e.g. short-term study, visiting relatives, a camp or holiday, etc. What is important is that neither the child nor the parent intends for the child to settle permanently in the other state.
2 Under what circumstances is the other parent’s consent necessary for the child’s removal to another state?
Where this concerns a permanent move abroad.
3 If the other parent does not consent to the child’s removal to another state, though it is necessary, how can the child be removed lawfully to another state?
It is essential to refer to a guardianship court (poručenský súd), which will decide on this important question of parental responsibility. Specifically the court can consent to the child’s moving abroad permanently.
4 Do the same rules apply to temporary removal (e.g. holiday, healthcare etc.) and permanent removal? If applicable, please provide relevant consent forms.
See above. There are no such forms.