Rechtspraak

  • Bijzonderheden van de zaak
    • Nationaal ID: Supreme Court, Judgement in joint cases 20/03877 and 20/04329
    • Lidstaat: Nederland
    • Gangbare benaming:N/A
    • Soort beslissing: Beslissing hooggerechtshof
    • Datum beslissing: 12/11/2021
    • Gerecht: Hoge Raad
    • Onderwerp:
    • Eiser:
    • Verweerder:
    • Trefwoorden: distance contract; off-premises contract; information obligation; ex officio review; effective, proportionate and deterrent remedy
  • Richtlijnartikelen
    Consumer Rights Directive, Chapter 2, Article 5 Consumer Rights Directive, Chapter 3, Article 6 Consumer Rights Directive, Chapter 3, Article 7 Consumer Rights Directive, Chapter 3, Article 8 Consumer Rights Directive, Chapter 5, Article 23, 1.
  • Koptekst

    ECLI:NL:HR:2021:1677

    The Supreme Court answers questions referred to it by preliminary reference pertaining to the question whether or not the national court is required to test, of its own motion, whether the trader has complied with the information requirements of art. 6:230m and 230v Dutch Civil Code (BW), which transpose art. 5 and 8 of the Consumer Rights Directive (CRD). The Supreme Court distinguishes between the information requirements that are specifically sanctioned under the CRD, information requirements that pertain to essential information the consumer needs in order to make an informed decision of whether or not to contract, and other information requirements. Only regarding the latter information requirements, the national court need not test of its own motion whether these requirements have been met. Where the national court establishes that an information requirement that is specifically sanctioned under the CRD or which pertains to essential information has been breached, the court may avoid the contract for breach of mandatory statutory law in its entirety or partially, if the breach of the information requirement is sufficiently serious.

    Art. 6:230u BW, which provides that a trader offering financial services off-premises to a consumer is prohibited from making a consumer an offer when he knows or should know that the consumer cannot carry the ensuing financial obligations does not follow from European law and is not a provision of public order. This provision need not be applied by a national court of its own motion.

  • Feiten

    In case 20/03877, a consumer had purchased a shower panel with a mixer tap from the seller’s website. The consumer chose to pay afterwards. The seller sent the consumer a confirmation email and delivered the goods ordered by the consumer. The consumer did not pay the total amount of € 168.95 within the fourteen-day payment period and left this amount unpaid even after repeated reminders. The seller assigned the claim against the consumer to a debt collector, which brought legal action against the consumer. The consumer did not appear in court. In case 20/04329, another consumer concluded an open-ended contract with an energy company for the supply of gas and/or electricity. On entering into the contract, the consumer became familiar with and agreed to the energy company’s standard terms. The energy company supplied energy on the basis of the contract. The consumer failed to pay at least one invoice (€ 360) despite reminders. The energy company assigned the claim against this consumer to another debt collector. Again, the consumer did not appear in court when the debt collector brought legal action against him.

  • Juridische kwestie

    Is the national court required to test, of its own motion, whether the trader has complied with the information requirements of art. 6:230m and 230v Dutch Civil Code (BW), which transpose art. 5 and 8 of the Consumer Rights Directive (CRD)? What, if any, sanction is to be applied if the court establishes that an information requirement has not been met? Is the national court (also) required to test of its own motion whether art. 6:230u BW is complied with, given that this provision is not the transposition of a European directive?

  • Uitspraak

    Art. 6:230m and 6:230v BW transpose Art. 5 and 8 CRD. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has pointed out that when enforcing the information obligations of the Consumer Rights Directive, a right balance between a high level of consumer protection and the competitiveness of businesses must be ensured (CJEU 23 January 2019, Case C-430/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:47 (Walbusch Walter Busch), paragraph 41; CJEU 10 July 2019, Case C-649/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:576 (Amazon EU), paragraph 44). Furthermore, Art. 24(1) CRD provides that the Member States shall lay down penalties for infringements of this Directive and ensure that they are enforced; the penalties must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. It is also important to note that the Consumer Rights Directive is without prejudice to national rules on the validity, formation or effect of contracts insofar as general aspects of contract law are not regulated by this Directive (Recital 14 and Article 3(5) CRD).

    By virtue of the principle of effectiveness, the CJEU required national courts to apply certain provisions of Union directives on consumer protection of their own motion, even when this would conflict with provisions of national law. According to the CJEU, that requirement is justified by the consideration that the system of protection established by those Directives is based on the idea that the consumer is in a weak negotiating position vis-à-vis the seller and has less information than the seller, and that there is a significant risk that the consumer will not rely on the rule of law intended to protect him, in particular through ignorance (CJEU 4 June 2015, Case C-497/13, ECLI: EU:C:2015:357 (Faber/Hazet Ochten), paragraph 42, with reference to further case law of the CJEU). This consideration also applies to a number of the consumer protection provisions in the Consumer Rights Directive. After all, that Directive provides for mandatory information duties to protect consumers.

    It is in line with the objectives and principles of the Consumer Rights Directive that, when answering the questions as to whether the court should examine of its own motion whether information duties have been fulfilled (hereafter also: ex officio review) and whether, in the event of a breach of an information duty, the court should annul and/or reject the trader's debt collection claim or apply another penalty of its own motion, a distinction should be made between

    (i) the information duties to which the law attaches specific sanctions in the event of non-compliance,

    (ii) information duties to which additional weight attaches (hereafter: material information duties), and

    (iii) other information duties.

    Ex officio review and, consequently, ex officio application of sanctions, should take place in relation to the information duties referred to above under (i) and (ii), it being noted that some information duties to which the law attaches a specific sanction are also key information duties. It is not appropriate for a civil court to carry out an ex officio verification and to apply sanctions ex officio with regard to the other information duties referred to under (iii). It is up to the consumer to take action, in or out of court, against the trader in respect of the latter's information duties. In addition, compliance with these information duties can be enforced by means of targeted action by collective interest organisations or through public-law supervision.

    The following information duties pertain to category (i):

    - Additional costs not mentioned (art. 6:230m (1)(e), sanctioned in art. 6:230n (3) BW);

    - Additional costs for use of means of communication (art. 6:230m (1)(f), sanctioned in art. 6:230k (2) BW);

    - Right of withdrawal (art. 6:230m (1)(h), sanctioned in art. 6:230o (2) BW);

    - Costs of returning goods to seller upon withdrawal (art. 6:230m (1)(i), sanctioned in art. 6:230s 2 BW);

    - Payment of reasonable costs after withdrawal from certain contracts (art. 6:230m (1)(j), sanctioned in art. 6:230s (5) BW.

    The following information duties pertain to category (ii):

    - Main characteristics of goods and services (art. 6:230m (1)(a) BW);

    - Identity and address data of trader (art. 6:230m (1)(b and c) BW);

    - Total price for goods and services (art. 6:230m (1)(e) BW);

    - Additional costs for use of means of communication (art. 6:230m (1)(f) BW);

    - Manner of payment, delivery, performance, complaints handling (art. 6:230m (1)(g) BW);

    - Right of withdrawal (art. 6:230m (1)(h) BW);

    - Duration of contract and conditions for termination (art. 6:230m (1)(o) BW;

    - Minimum duration of contract (art. 6:230m (1)(p) BW).

    With regard to these essential information duties, the court must examine ex officio whether the statements of the trader and the documents submitted sufficiently demonstrate that these have been complied with in the manner prescribed in art. 6:230v (which transposed art. 8 CRD) in case the contract was concluded at a distance. If this is not the case, the court must apply an effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanction. This implies that the court may then avoid the contract for breach of mandatory statutory law in its entirety or partially, provided that the breach of the information requirement is sufficiently serious. That is, for example, not the case if an essential obligation has not been fulfilled in one detail only. Partial annulment of the contract may consist of a reduction of the consumer's obligations, in particular his payment obligations. Where an information requirement falls both within category (i) and (ii), in case of breach the court may apply in addition to or instead of the specific statutory sanction a (further) decrease in the consumer’s obligations in case the specific statutory sanction, under the circumstances of the case, does not meet the requirement of effectiveness, proportionality and deterrence. It is immaterial whether in the case at hand the consumer himself is involved or a third party to whom the consumer has assigned any claims he may have against the trader.

    Art. 6:230u BW, which provides that a trader offering financial services off-premises to a consumer is prohibited from making a consumer an offer when he knows or should know that the consumer cannot carry the ensuing financial obligations does not follow from European law and is not a provision of public order. This provision need not be applied by a national court of its own motion.

    URL: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2021:1677

    Integrale tekst: Integrale tekst

  • Verwante zaken

    Geen resultaten

  • Rechtsleer

    Geen resultaten

  • Resultaat

    The Supreme Court answers the questions posed by the courts of first instance.